The form of the Russian alphabet underwent a change when Tsar Peter the Great introduced the civil script ( Russian: гражданский шрифт, romanized: graždanskiy šrift, or гражданка, graždanka), in contrast to the prevailing church typeface, ( Russian: церковнославя́нский шрифт, romanized: cerkovnoslavjanskiy šrift) in 1708. Variations of the Cyrillic script are used to write languages throughout Eastern Europe and Asia. It has been the subject of academic reforms and political decrees. Since its creation, the Cyrillic script has adapted to changes in spoken language and developed regional variations to suit the features of national languages. Letters without Greek equivalents mostly had no numeral values, whereas one letter, koppa, had only a numeric value with no phonetic value. Letters served as numerals as well as phonetic signs the values of the numerals were directly borrowed from their Greek-letter analogues. There was no distinction of capital and lowercase letters, though manuscript letters were rendered larger for emphasis, or in various decorative initial and nameplate forms. It is also violated by a significant failure to distinguish between /ji/ and /jĭ/ orthographically. Particularly, this principle is violated by certain vowel letters, which represent plus the vowel if they are not preceded by a consonant. The Cyrillic alphabet was very well suited for the writing of Old Church Slavic, generally following a principle of "one letter for one significant sound", with some arbitrary or phonotactically-based exceptions. The oldest Cyrillic manuscripts look very similar to 9th and 10th century Greek uncial manuscripts, and the majority of uncial Cyrillic letters were identical to their Greek uncial counterparts. Īmerican scholar Horace Lunt has alternatively suggested that Cyrillics emerged in the border regions of Greek proselytization to the Slavs before it was codified and adapted by some systematizer among the Slavs. The systematization of Cyrillic may have been undertaken at the Council of Preslav in 893, when the Old Church Slavonic liturgy was adopted by the First Bulgarian Empire. Moreover, unlike the other literary centre in the First Bulgarian Empire, the Ohrid Literary School, which continued to use Glagolitic well into the 12th century, the School at Preslav was using Cyrillic in the early 900s. The earliest Cyrillic texts are found in northeastern Bulgaria, in the vicinity of Preslav-the Krepcha inscription, dating back to 921, and a ceramic vase from Preslav, dating back to 931. Unlike the Churchmen in Ohrid, Preslav scholars were much more dependent upon Greek models and quickly abandoned the Glagolitic scripts in favor of an adaptation of the Greek uncial to the needs of Slavic, which is now known as the Cyrillic alphabet. At the time, the Preslav Literary School was the most important early literary and cultural center of the First Bulgarian Empire and of all Slavs: Most scholars agree that Cyrillic, on the other hand, was created by Cyril's students at the Preslav Literary School in the 890s as a more suitable script for church books, based on uncial Greek but retaining some Glagolitic letters for sounds not present in Greek. The Glagolitic alphabet was created by the monk Saint Cyril, possibly with the aid of his brother Saint Methodius, around 863. The earliest form of manuscript Cyrillic, known as ustav, was based on Greek uncial script, augmented by ligatures and by letters from the Glagolitic alphabet for consonants not found in Greek. It was also used for other languages, but between the 18th and 20th centuries was mostly replaced by the modern Cyrillic script, which is used for some Slavic languages (such as Bulgarian, Macedonian, Serbian, Russian, Rusyn, Ukrainian), and for East European and Asian languages that have experienced a great amount of Russian cultural influence. It is used to write the Church Slavonic language, and was historically used for its ancestor, Old Church Slavonic. The Early Cyrillic alphabet, also called classical Cyrillic or paleo-Cyrillic, is an alphabetic writing system that was developed in Medieval Bulgaria in the Preslav Literary School during the late 9th century.
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